Systems for and methods of controlling operation of a ups

ABSTRACT

A UPS includes an AC output, power factor control circuitry; and a DC bus coupled to the power factor control circuitry where the power factor control circuitry is configured to determine a difference in instantaneous power supplied to the AC output and to adjust a voltage of the DC bus based, at least partly, on the difference. In one embodiment, the UPS includes a single phase AC input. In another embodiment, the power factor control circuitry is configured to determine a cumulative difference in instantaneous power supplied to the AC output.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

Embodiments of the invention relate generally to uninterruptible powersupplies (“UPS”). More specifically, at least one embodiment relates toa system and method for controlling a DC bus voltage of a UPS.

2. Discussion of Related Art

Because electrical systems are dynamic in nature, control systemsemployed with power conversion circuitry are generally responsive tochanges in the electrical systems. Different approaches may be employedto address various types of changes, for example, transient or steadystate changes, changes in voltage and/or current, changes in theconnected load, combinations of the preceding examples, etc.

Today, power factor correction of power conversion circuitry (i.e., thephase relation between the current and the voltage used by the powerconversion circuitry) is a significant design consideration. Inpractice, power factor can be improved by reducing harmonics generatedby the power conversion circuitry during operation. Generally, powerconversion circuitry designed for reduced harmonics, however, mustemploy a voltage control loop that has a relatively slow response time.The slow response time results in a poor transient response includingwider deviations from nominal voltages, for example, greater overshootand undershoot of a DC bus voltage. Thus, circuit designers attempt toprovide a system with acceptable power factor control and acceptabledynamic response while meeting the requirements of applicable harmonicstandards.

In the case of a single phase UPS, designers generally provide a controlscheme (e.g., DC voltage loop control) with relatively slow frequencyresponse (well below the line frequency of the AC input) in order tomeet the harmonic standards. That is, a feedback control system isemployed in which the DC bus voltage is compared to a setpoint andadjustments made based on an error between the measured DC bus voltageand the setpoint. The result of the design tradeoff included in thisapproach is that the DC bus voltage has a relatively poor transientresponse. The poor transient approach can result in large overvoltagesand undervoltages on the DC bus as the DC bus voltage varies, forexample, in response to changes in the loading of the UPS output.

Other power conversion applications that use a DC link or bus also facethe need to control the transient response of the DC bus in a dynamicsystem, for example, switch mode power supplies, voltage regulators andmotor drives to name a few. Some more recent approaches to theabove-described problem in single phase power factor control are a“notch filter method” and a “dead zone digital control method.” Neitherof these approaches is satisfactory in a UPS application. For example,the notch filter method is most suitable where a substantially fixedline frequency is found. For this reason, the notch filter method isimpractical because many UPS applications do not operate in environmentsthat meet the preceding requirement. The “dead zone” approach is notsuitable for many UPS applications because it is not suited for a systemin which the DC bus supplies power to an inverter which is connected toa non-linear load, such as a computer load.

Some prior motor control systems have employed a feedforward scheme inwhich average power at the output of the power conversion circuitry isemployed in regulating a DC bus voltage. These approaches, however, areemployed in three phase motor control in which the instantaneous loadpower sums to zero because the motor provides a polyphase, balanced andlinear load.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

At least one aspect of the invention provides an effective approach fordynamic control of voltage on a DC bus used in power conversioncircuitry. According to one embodiment, data concerning changes in theload supplied by the power conversion circuitry is used to control atransient response of the DC bus voltage. In a further embodiment, adifference between instantaneous load power measured during a firstcycle and instantaneous power measured during a second cycle isaccumulated and the voltage of the DC bus is controlled based on theaccumulated difference. According to one embodiment, the precedingapproach is employed in a single phase system. In a further embodiment,the preceding approach is employed in controlling a transient responseof a DC bus voltage of a UPS having a single phase AC input. Inaccordance with one embodiment, the approach provides for a transientresponse time of the DC bus voltage of significantly less than onecycle. In another embodiment, the transient response time of the DC busvoltage substantially equals one-half cycle. In a further embodiment,the transient response time of the DC bus voltage is significantly lessthan one-half cycle. Accordingly, at least one aspect of the inventioncan reduce voltage “excursions” (i.e., overshoots and undershoots). Inone embodiment, an electrical rating of power electronic devicesincluded in power conversion circuitry can be reduced because peakvoltages are reduced, for example, a voltage rating of devices connectedto the DC bus may be reduced.

In accordance with one aspect, the invention provides a method ofcontrolling a voltage of a DC bus included in an uninterruptible powersupply. The UPS includes power factor control circuitry coupled to theDC bus and an AC output. The method includes acts of determining adifference between instantaneous power supplied to the AC output at afirst time and instantaneous power supplied to the AC output at a secondtime and adjusting an operation of the power factor control circuitry toadjust the voltage of the DC bus based, at least partly, on thedifference. In one embodiment, the method includes an act of controllinga power factor of a single phase AC input of the UPS. In anotherembodiment, the method includes an act of determining a cumulativedifference in instantaneous power supplied at the AC output. In afurther embodiment, the method includes an act of providing thecumulative difference to the power factor control circuitry. In yet afurther embodiment, the method includes an act of comparing thecumulative difference to a predetermined threshold. In anotherembodiment, the method includes an act of adjusting the operation of thepower factor control circuitry to adjust the voltage of the DC bus whenthe cumulative difference exceeds the predetermined threshold.

In accordance with another aspect, a UPS includes an AC output, powerfactor control circuitry, and a DC bus coupled to the power factorcontrol circuitry where the power factor control circuitry is configuredto determine a difference in instantaneous power supplied to the ACoutput and to adjust a voltage of the DC bus based, at least partly, onthe difference. In one embodiment, the UPS includes a single phase ACinput. In another embodiment, the power factor control circuitry isconfigured to determine a cumulative difference in instantaneous powersupplied to the AC output. In a further embodiment, the cumulativedifference is determined based on a comparison of instantaneous powerdetermined at a plurality of points in a first cycle of an AC waveformand instantaneous power determined at a plurality of points in a secondcycle of the AC waveform.

In accordance with another aspect, a UPS includes a DC bus, an AC outputand means, coupled to the DC bus, for controlling a voltage of the DCbus based on a difference in instantaneous power supplied to the ACoutput. In one embodiment, the means for controlling include means fordetermining a cumulative difference in instantaneous power supplied tothe AC output. In another embodiment, the cumulative difference isdetermined based on a comparison of instantaneous power determined at aplurality of points in a first cycle of an AC waveform and instantaneouspower determined at a plurality of points in a second cycle of the ACwaveform.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, are not intended to be drawn to scale. In thedrawings, each identical or nearly identical component that isillustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. Forpurposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in everydrawing. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a UPS in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the UPS of FIG. 1 including further detailsof a control system of the UPS illustrated in FIG. 1 in accordance withone embodiment;

FIGS. 3A-3C are waveform diagrams in accordance with one embodiment; and

FIGS. 4A and 4B are flow diagrams in accordance with one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This invention is not limited in its application to the details ofconstruction and the arrangement of components set forth in thefollowing description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention iscapable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carriedout in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used hereinis for the purpose of description and should not be regarded aslimiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,”“containing”, “involving”, and variations thereof herein, is meant toencompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well asadditional items.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment in which a controlsystem is employed to regulate a voltage on a DC bus of power conversionequipment through various changes in the loading of the equipment, e.g.,through load transients that occur at the output. In accordance with oneembodiment, a UPS 10 includes a power factor correction stage 12, a DCbus 14, an inverter power stage 16, a control system 18, an AC input 20,an AC output 22, a DC power source 24, and a charger 26. In addition,the UPS may include a pair of switches 28, a bypass switch 30 and anisolation switch 32. Further, the UPS 10 may include a rectifier 34, afirst input capacitor 36, a second input capacitor 37, a first DC buscapacitor 38 and a second DC bus capacitor 40. The rectifier 34 mayinclude a first diode 42 and a second diode 44.

In accordance with one embodiment, the power factor correction powerstage 12 includes an input 45 and an output 47, the inverter power stage16 includes an input 46, the DC power source 24 includes an input 51 andan output 50, and the charger 26 includes an input 52 and an output 54.

As used herein, the term “DC bus” is used to generally describe a DCelectrical circuit that supplies DC power to additional circuitry.According to one embodiment, a DC bus may include a dual DC bus, forexample, where each of the positive DC bus and the negative DC bus arereferenced to a neutral. According to another embodiment, a DC bus mayinclude a single DC bus, for example, a DC bus in which the positive DCbus and the negative DC bus are not referenced to a neutral. The term DCbus is not employed to describe a particular type of conductor, but mayinclude any type of conductor including wire, solder trace, cable, busbar, etc.

In operation, the UPS 10 receives an AC input (e.g., a single phase ACinput) at the input 20. The AC input is rectified by the rectifier 34and supplied to the power factor correction power stage 12. According toone embodiment, the power factor correction power stage 12 includessolid state switches that are selectively operated to apply power to theDC bus 14. Further, the switching cycles of the solid state switches canvary depending upon the amount of load that is being supplied at the ACoutput 22 of the UPS. As is well known by those of ordinary skill in theart, the power factor correction power stage 12 alternately suppliespower to the positive DC bus and the negative DC bus. During variousstages of a switching cycle, the capacitor 38 associated with thepositive DC bus is charged. In other stages of the switching cycle, thecapacitor 40 associated with the negative DC bus is charged. Power fromthe DC bus is supplied to the input 46 of the inverter power stage 16.The inverter power stage 16 converts the DC to an AC output at theoutput of the inverter power stage 48. In the illustrated embodiment,the inverter power stage provides a single phase AC output, however, invarious embodiments, the inverter power stage may supply a polyphaseoutput, for example, a three phase output which may or may not include aneutral.

The DC power source 24 is employed in one embodiment as an alternatepower source to supply power to the power factor correction power stagewhen the AC power source is unavailable. The pair of switches 28 canoperate to switch between a first position and a second position. In thefirst position the output 50 of the rectifier 34 is connected to theinput 45 of the power factor correction power stage 12. In a secondposition the output 50 of the rectifier 34 is disconnected and theoutput 50 of the DC power source is connected to the input 45 of thepower factor correction power stage 12.

In accordance with one embodiment, the charger input 52 is connected tothe DC bus 14 and the charger output 54 is connected to an input of theDC power source 51. In accordance with one embodiment, the DC powersource is a battery power source and the charger 26 is a batterycharger. However, in other embodiments, other power sources may be used,for example, super capacitors, fuel cells, and the like.

The control system 18 may, in various embodiments, include one or morecontrol devices. In one embodiment, the control devices includeelectronic circuitry. In one embodiment, a complete control system 18 isincluded in a digital signal processor. In a further embodiment, someelements of the control system 18 are included in a digital signalprocessor while other elements of the control system 18 are includedelsewhere. In one embodiment, the control system 18 is included in aTMS320F2810 digital signal processor manufactured by Texas Instrument.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a high level block diagram of the UPS 10including further details of the control system 18 is illustrated. TheUPS 10 includes the power factor correction power stage 12, the inverterpower stage 16 and the charger power stage 26. In accordance with oneembodiment, the UPS 10 also includes an AC input 61, an AC output 63 anda second DC bus 66. In one embodiment, the second DC bus 66 connects thecharger 26 to a DC power source, for example, a battery power source.The control system 18 includes a load power monitor 56, a voltage loopcontroller 58, a divider 60 and a current loop controller 62. Thecontrol system also includes a node 64. In one embodiment, the node 64is a summing node of the control system. In accordance with oneembodiment, the input 45 of the power factor correction power stage 12is connected to a source of AC power, the output 43 of the power factorcorrection power stage is connected to the DC bus 14. In addition, inone embodiment, the input 46 of the inverter power stage is connected tothe DC bus 14 and the output 48 of the inverter power stage 16 isconnected to the AC output 63 of the UPS 10. Further, the input 26 ofthe charger power stage is connected to the DC bus 14 and the output 54of the charger power stage is connected to a second DC bus 66.

In one embodiment, the AC output 63 and the output 48 of the inverterpower stage are the same point electrically, that is, the output 48 isthe AC output of the UPS 10. In another embodiment, the AC input 61 andthe input 45 of the power factor correction power stage 12 are the samepoint electrically.

In one embodiment, the load power monitor 56 includes a first input 68,a second input 70 and an output 72. In a further embodiment, the firstinput 68 is connected to the second DC bus 66 and the second input 70 isconnected to the AC output 63 of the UPS 10. The voltage loop controller58 can include an input 74 and an output 76. The divider 60 includes afirst input 78, a second input 79 and an output 80. According to oneembodiment, the second input 79 is connected to the AC input 61 of theUPS 10. The current loop controller 62 includes an input 82 and anoutput 84. In accordance with one embodiment, the power factorcorrection power stage 12 includes an input 86 that is connected to theoutput 84 of the current loop controller 62.

In various embodiments, each of the first input 68 and the second input70 are supplied information concerning the voltage and current at eachof the respective circuits to which they are connected, i.e., the secondDC bus 66 and the AC output 63, respectively. According to oneembodiment, the first input 68 and the second input 70 are supplied oneor more of the line voltage(s) and the line current(s) from whichinstantaneous power is determined. In other embodiments, either or bothof the line voltage(s) and the line current(s) are supplied to the loadpower monitor 56 after being converted by transducers, e.g., currentsensors, voltage transducers, etc.

In accordance with one embodiment, the input 74 of the voltage loopcontroller is supplied a signal used as a DC reference voltage by thecontrol system 18. The node 64, in accordance with one embodiment, sumsa signal supplied at the output 72 of the load power monitor 56 with thesignal supplied at the output 76 of the voltage loop controller 58. Thatis, in accordance with one embodiment, the control system employs both afeedback voltage loop control using the voltage loop controller 58 and afeedforward load power monitoring control using the load power monitor56. Accordingly, in a version of this embodiment, the control system 18can employ each of an error in the DC bus voltage (i.e., relative to asetpoint) and changes in instantaneous load power to control the DC busvoltage.

According to one embodiment, the divider 60 receives a signalcorresponding to the result of the summation at the input 78 and asignal corresponding to an AC input voltage at the input 79. In aversion of this embodiment, the divider divides the signal received atthe input 78 by the signal received at the input 79 to generate areference signal at the output 80.

In one embodiment, the input 82 receives the signal provided at theoutput 80 of the divider 60. In a version of this embodiment, the signalcorresponds to a reference current that is supplied to the current loopcontroller 62. In accordance with one embodiment, the current loopcontroller generates a signal at its output 84 which is supplied to theinput 86 of the power factor correction power stage 12. Thus, in oneembodiment, a reference signal that is based at least in part on theinstantaneous load power is supplied to the power factor correctionpower stage 12. In one embodiment, the reference signal is employed tocontrol the operation of the power factor correction power stage, forexample, to control the switching frequency of electronic switches usedto connect the DC bus 14 to a power source.

The control module 18 can be implemented in hardware, software, firmwareor a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the control module 18 canbe implemented in a microprocessor or microcontroller executing embeddedsoftware and/or firmware instructions. According to one embodiment, oneor more of the elements of the control system 18 may be provided inelectronic circuitry including circuitry provided on a semiconductorchip or wafer. In various embodiments, one or more of the controlelements 56, 58, 64, 60, and 62, are integrated into the same circuitor, alternatively, one or more of these may be included in a separatecircuit alone or in combination with one or more of the controlelements.

Further, although the control system is illustrated as having a singleoutput connected to the power factor correction power stage 12, thecontrol system 18 may include other inputs and outputs that areconnected to the power factor correction power stage 12 or otherportions of the UPS 10 including the inverter power stage 16 and thecharger power stage 26. For clarity, these additional connections arenot illustrated here.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C, a series of waveform plots areillustrated which demonstrate how embodiments of the invention respondto load transients. Transients can include any rapid increase ordecrease in the power supplied by the UPS, for example, an increase inelectrical load caused by the starting of a fan or compressor motor.

FIG. 3A illustrates a waveform plot 300 of current and voltage at theoutput of the UPS. FIG. 3B illustrates a waveform plot 308 of theinstantaneous load power at the output of the UPS. FIG. 3C illustrates awaveform plot 320 of a cumulative difference in instantaneous load poweras is explained in greater detail below.

Referring to FIG. 3A, a waveform plot 300 includes a current waveform302 and a voltage waveform 304. In addition, the waveform plot 300illustrates a load transient at time T1 that is reflected in the currentwaveform 302. In this example, the load transient is an increase inload. However, embodiments of the invention may also operate in responseto rapid decreases in electrical load. In order to highlight theoperation of the UPS 10, the original current waveform 306 isillustrated in phantom for the period following the time T1.Accordingly, the waveform 306 illustrates a steady-state current whilethe waveform 302 illustrates a current that changes in magnitude at thetime T1. In the illustrated example, the load transient occurssubstantially instantaneously, e.g., the load transient is a stepincrease in load. Further, as illustrated, the load transient causes anincrease in the current supplied to the load which is reflected by thechange in the current waveform, i.e., the step change, that appears inthe waveform plot 300.

In this example, the load transient occurs during a first positive halfcycle 305. The subsequent positive half cycle 307 (e.g., the immediatelyfollowing positive half cycle) and the subsequent negative half cycle309 are also identified in the waveform plot 300.

As illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C, the load transient occurs at the time T1,a first zero crossing occurs at the time T2 and the end of the firstpositive half cycle is indicated by a second zero crossing at a time T3.A completion of the negative half cycle 309 and the start of thesubsequent positive half cycle 307 is indicated by the zero crossingoccurring at the time T4, and the completion of the subsequent positivehalf cycle 307 is indicated by the zero crossing occurring at the timeT5. The time T6 represents the time of the subsequent positive halfcycle 307 that follows the positive half cycle 305 where the loadtransient first occurs.

Further, the waveform 316 illustrated in FIG. 3B corresponds to thepower waveform prior to the load transient and is shown in phantom forreference at the positive half cycle 307. Accordingly, the time T6represents a point of the positive cycle 307 that corresponds to thetime T1 of the first positive half cycle 305. That is, the amount oftime between the zero crossing that occurs at the time T2 and theoccurrence of the load transient as indicated by the time T1 equals theamount of time between the zero crossing occurring at the time T4 andthe time T6.

In accordance with one embodiment, the control system 18 of the UPS 10is responsive to rapid changes in loading of the AC output 63 becausethe control system 18 employs load power monitoring via the load powermonitor 56. As will be explained in greater detail herein, in accordancewith one embodiment, a signal may appear at the output 72 of the loadpower monitor 56 only for load power transients (either increases ordecreases) of sufficient magnitude as determined by the control system18. Thus, the signal supplied to the node 64 from the output 72 of theload power monitor 56 can be zero during many stages of operation, e.g.,steady state loading or small fluctuations in load, etc.

Referring to FIG. 3B, a waveform plot 308 illustrates a plot of thepower 310 provided at the output 63 of the UPS 10. In addition, awaveform 312 corresponding to the original power as it would haveexisted without the load transient is also illustrated in phantom.Further, for clarity, another portion of the waveform 314 is shown inphantom from the zero crossing occurring at the time T2 to the time T1where the load transient occurs.

Various embodiments may employ load power monitoring in the controlsystem to provide a rapid response to load transients. In theillustrated embodiment, the UPS 10 provides rapid regulation for thevoltage of the DC bus 14 by determining a difference in theinstantaneous load power over a plurality of samples of the waveform forsuccessive half cycles that have the same polarity. That is, in general,embodiments of the invention, compare a point on the positive half cycleof an AC waveform with the instantaneous load power of the same point onthe immediately subsequent half cycle that has the same polarity, e.g.,the comparison of instantaneous load power is made between a firstpositive half cycle and a subsequent positive half cycle and/orinstantaneous load power is compared between a first negative half cycleand a subsequent negative half cycle. In various embodiments, the UPSresponds to changes in the loading of the AC output 63 in substantiallyless than one-half a line cycle using the preceding approach. In oneembodiment, the response time is less than or equal to 250 microseconds.In another embodiment, the response time is less than or equal to 500microseconds.

In further embodiments, the difference in instantaneous load power atvarious points in time of the two successive half cycles having the samepolarity is accumulated and compared with a predetermined threshold. Inone embodiment, a signal is supplied at the output 72 of the load powermonitor when the cumulative difference in instantaneous load powerbetween successive periods exceeds the predetermined threshold. In afurther embodiment, a signal is not supplied at the output 72 unless thecumulative difference in instantaneous load power between successiveperiods exceeds the predetermined threshold.

In accordance with another embodiment, the load power monitor adds theinstantaneous power supplied at the output 54 of the charger 26 to theinstantaneous load power at the output 63 to determine a totalinstantaneous power supplied by the UPS 10. According to thisembodiment, the difference in the total instantaneous load power duringsuccessive half cycles of the AC output (having the same polarity) isdetermined, accumulated and compared with a predetermined threshold. Ina version of this embodiment, a signal is supplied at the output 72 ofthe load power monitor when the cumulative difference in the totalinstantaneous load power exceeds the predetermined threshold. Althoughthe following description refers to the instantaneous load power (i.e.,determined based on the input 70 of the load power monitor 56), adetermination of the total instantaneous power may also be employed(i.e., determined based on both the input 68 and the input 70 of theload power monitor 56).

FIG. 4A illustrates a process 400 that employs a difference ininstantaneous load power in accordance with one embodiment. In oneembodiment, the load power monitor 56 samples the voltage and thecurrent of each line cycle a predetermined quantity of times. In oneembodiment, each line cycle is sampled at 64 points in time.Accordingly, the time t_(m) and the time t_(n) are representative of asample point from the first half cycle 305 and a sample point from thesubsequent positive half cycle 307, respectively. More specifically, thetime t_(m) represents a sample point between the times T2 and T1, thatis, prior to the occurrence of the load transient. Further, the timet_(m) occurs a known amount of time after the zero crossing that beginsthe first positive half cycle 305 of the waveform 310, i.e., a knowntime after the time T2. That is, an amount of time X occurs between thetime T2 and the time t_(m), i.e., t_(m)−T2=X. Accordingly, the timet_(n) is selected as a time that occurs the same amount of time (i.e.,the quantity X) after the zero crossing that begins the subsequentpositive half cycle 307 of the waveform 310, that is, t_(n)−T4=X.

Employing this example, the instantaneous load power at the time t_(m)is determined at stage 402. According to one embodiment, thedetermination of the instantaneous load power for each sample of thefirst positive half cycle 305 is determined in advance of stage 403. Atstage 403, the instantaneous load power at the time t_(n) is determined.At stage 404, a difference between the instantaneous load power at thetime t_(m) and the instantaneous load power at the time t_(n) isdetermined. That is, in accordance with one embodiment, the differencedetermined at the stage 404 is a difference between the instantaneousload power determined at sample points that occur at the same relativepoint of time in the two half cycles.

As mentioned previously, a cumulative difference in instantaneous loadpower between subsequent half cycles having the same polarity isemployed in some embodiments. At stage 406, the difference determined atstage 404 is added to a cumulative difference in instantaneous loadpower between the subsequent half cycles, e.g., between the firstpositive half cycle 305 and the subsequent positive half cycle 307.Also, as mentioned previously, the cumulative difference ininstantaneous load power is compared with a predetermined threshold insome embodiments.

At stage 408, the cumulative difference in instantaneous load power iscompared to a predetermined threshold to determine whether thecumulative difference in instantaneous load power exceeds thepredetermined threshold. Where the cumulative load power differenceexceeds the predetermined threshold, the process 400 moves to stage 410where the cumulative load power difference is supplied to the output 72of the load power monitor 56, e.g., a signal corresponding to thecumulative load power difference is generated at the output 72 of theload power monitor 56.

At stage 412, a determination is made whether the sampling has beencompleted for the current half cycle that is being evaluated. Inaccordance with one embodiment, if the sampling is complete for thecurrent half cycle, the cumulative load power difference is reset tozero and the process begins again for the subsequent half cycle havingthe same polarity, at stage 414. As is also illustrated in FIG. 4A, theprocess 400 moves from the stage 408 to the stage 412, in someembodiments, where the cumulative difference in instantaneous load powerdoes not exceed the predetermined threshold. If, at the stage 412, it isdetermined that the sampling is not complete for the current half cyclethe process moves to stage 416. At stage 416, the process is repeatedfor the immediately subsequent sample time, e.g., for timest_(m)=t_(m+1) and corresponding time t_(n)=t_(n+1). Accordingly, theprocess returns to the stage 403. As described here, the process willcontinue until the sampling and analysis for a defined period of thewaveform, e.g., a half cycle, is completed.

The process 400 may include various modifications that will be apparentto those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the process 400 maybe implemented for both positive half cycles and negative half cycles.That is, the process will be continuous for each cycle where theinstantaneous load power of positive half cycles is compared with theinstantaneous load power of other positive half cycles and theinstantaneous load power of negative half cycles is compared with theinstantaneous load power of other negative half cycles in the mannergenerally described herein.

Embodiments of the invention may be employed with a variety of stylesand types of power conversion circuitry in general and UPSs inparticular. According to one embodiment, the process 400 is employedwith a UPS that includes a dual DC bus, for example, where each of thepositive DC bus and the negative DC bus are each referenced to aneutral. According to another embodiment, the process 400 is employedwith a UPS that includes a single DC bus, for example, a UPS in whichthe positive DC bus and the negative DC bus are not referenced to aneutral.

Referring now to FIG. 3C, a waveform plot 320 of the cumulativedifference in instantaneous load power is illustrated. The waveform plotincludes a predetermined threshold 322 shown as a dashed line, a firstperiod 324 in which a load transient is detected and a second period 326in which a load transient is detected.

The instantaneous load power has a positive value as reflected in thewaveform plot 308. Accordingly, in FIG. 3B, the region of the powerwaveform 310 that corresponds to the positive half cycle 305 of thewaveform plot 300 is identified as the region 328 and the region thatcorresponds to the positive half cycle 307 is identified as the region330.

In FIG. 3B, the waveform 312 reflects the instantaneous load power ofthe positive half cycle that immediately preceded the half cycle 328.Because each of the half cycle 328 and the preceding half cycle 312 hasthe same magnitude from the time T2 to the time T1, the value of thecumulative difference in instantaneous load power is zero prior to thetime T1. At the time of the load transient (i.e., the time T1), acomparison of the instantaneous load power of the half cycle 328 withthe immediately preceding positive half cycle (represented by thewaveform 312) finds that the instantaneous load power is greater in thehalf cycle 328. Thus, beginning at the time T1, a cumulative differencein instantaneous load power results from the difference between theinstantaneous load power of the waveform 328 and the waveform 312.Because the instantaneous load power of the half cycle 328 remainsgreater (i.e., the increased load remains), the cumulative differencesteadily increases until the zero crossing is reached at the time T3.

In accordance with one embodiment, the control system 18 compares thecumulative difference in instantaneous load power 324 with thepredetermined threshold 322. According to one embodiment, the load powermonitor performs the comparison. In the illustrated example, a signal isgenerated at the output 72 of the load power monitor 56 at the time T7because that is the time at which the cumulative difference ininstantaneous load power exceeds the predetermined threshold 322.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the signal is generated at theoutput 72 for the remainder of the period of the positive half cycle305.

In FIG. 3C, this cumulative load power difference for the subsequentpositive half cycle is illustrated by the plot 326. At the time T4, thedifference in instantaneous load power between the waveform 330 and thewaveform 316 begins to accumulate until the time T6 at which there areno further additions to the cumulative load power for that half cycle(i.e., provided that no further load transients occur). That is,beginning at the time T1, the half cycle 328 includes the change ininstantaneous load power caused by the transient. This change is alsoreflected in the waveform 330. Consequently, there is no difference ininstantaneous load power.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, a process 420 is illustrated which may beintegrated into the overall process 400. In accordance with oneembodiment, the process 420 is integrated into the overall process 400following stage 410. At stage 422, a determination has been made tosupply a cumulative load power difference to the output 72. That is, theportion of the control system 18 that controls the operation of thepower factor correction power stage. However, at stage 424, thedetermination to supply the difference is further evaluated. Inaccordance with one embodiment, the cumulative load power differencecontinues to be used to control operation of the power factor correctionpower stage if either the cumulative load power difference is determinedfor a half cycle in which the predetermined threshold was exceeded orfor the immediately subsequent half cycle having the same polarity asthe half cycle in which the predetermined threshold was exceeded.However, if neither of those two criteria are met, at stage 424, theprocess 420 moves to the stage 426 where a determination is made whetherthe cumulative difference in instantaneous load power exceeds thepredetermined threshold. If it does, the cumulative load powerdifference continues to be used to control operation of the power factorcorrection power stage. If it is not, the cumulative difference ininstantaneous load power is no longer used to control operation of thepower factor correction power stage as indicated at stage 428. That is,in one embodiment, the load power monitor 56 stops supplying a signal atthe output 72 at stage 428.

In accordance with one embodiment, a predetermined threshold isestablished based on the expected fluctuation in the nonlinear loadssupplied by the UPS 10. In various embodiments other factors consideredin selecting a predetermined threshold include the resolution of themeasurements, i.e., how many sample points are selected per line cycle,signal noise experienced in the measurements. In a version of thisembodiment, the predetermined threshold is established so that it isgreater than the contribution of these extraneous fluctuations ininstantaneous power. In one embodiment, the predetermined threshold isset to 200 watts. In a further embodiment, the predetermined thresholdis established as a percentage of the full load power. In a version ofthis embodiment, the predetermined threshold is established asapproximately 5-6% of the full load power.

As mentioned above, embodiments can be employed to provide improvedtransient response of the DC bus voltage. In various embodiments, thesampling frequency is selected to control the response time. Forexample, a faster sampling rate (samples/cycle) can result in a fasterdetection of load transients which allows for faster transient responseof the DC bus and a corresponding reduction in overshoot and undershootof the DC bus voltage.

Embodiments of the instantaneous load power profiling system and methoddescribed herein may be employed with single phase or three phasesystems. For example, embodiments can be used where the loading of athree phase system is not balanced and/or the load is non-linear becausethe line cycle will also include an AC component. Thus, embodiments canbe used for polyphase applications including hybrid systems such asthose that include a 3 phase AC supply to an input of the UPS and singlephase UPS output.

Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of thisinvention, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications,and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Suchalterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part ofthis disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope ofthe invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings areby way of example only.

1. A method of controlling a voltage of a DC bus included in anuninterruptible power supply (“UPS”), the UPS including power factorcontrol circuitry coupled to the DC bus, and an AC output, the methodcomprising acts of: determining a difference between instantaneous powersupplied to the AC output at a first time and instantaneous powersupplied to the AC output at a second time; and adjusting an operationof the power factor control circuitry to adjust the voltage of the DCbus based, at least partly, on the difference.
 2. The method of claim 1,further comprising an act of determining the difference betweeninstantaneous power supplied to the AC output during a first cycle of anAC waveform and the instantaneous power supplied during a second cycleof the AC waveform that is subsequent to the first cycle.
 3. The methodof claim 2, wherein the first time occurs subsequent to a start of thefirst cycle by a first amount of time, and wherein the second timeoccurs subsequent to a start of the second cycle by a second time thatis substantially equal to the first amount of time.
 4. The method ofclaim 2, further comprising acts of selecting the first time as a timethat occurs during a first positive half-cycle of the AC waveform; andselecting the second time as a time that occurs during a positivehalf-cycle that is immediately subsequent the first positive half-cycle.5. The method of claim 1, further comprising an act of controlling apower factor of a single phase AC input of the UPS.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising an act of determining a cumulativedifference in instantaneous power supplied at the AC output.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, further comprising an act of providing the cumulativedifference to the power factor control circuitry.
 8. The method of claim6, further comprising an act of comparing the cumulative difference to apredetermined threshold.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising anact of adjusting the operation of the power factor control circuitry toadjust the voltage of the DC bus when the cumulative difference exceedsthe predetermined threshold.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the UPSincludes charging circuitry configured to charge an energy storagedevice, wherein the charging circuitry includes a DC output, and whereinthe method further comprises acts of: determining a first sum as a sumof the instantaneous power supplied to the AC output and instantaneouspower supplied to the DC output at the first time; determining a secondsum as a sum of the instantaneous power supplied to the AC output andinstantaneous power supplied to the DC output at the second time; anddetermining the cumulative difference based on a difference between thefirst sum and the second sum.
 11. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising an act of generating a reference current signal using thecumulative difference.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprisingacts of: determining an error in the voltage of the DC bus, andcontrolling the voltage using each of the error and the cumulativedifference.
 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising acts ofproviding an AC waveform at the AC output; and adjusting the operationof the power factor control circuitry in an amount of time that issubstantially less than one-half cycle of the AC waveform following asubstantially instantaneous change in load power greater than apredetermined threshold.
 14. An uninterruptible power supply (“UPS”)comprising: an AC output; power factor control circuitry; and a DC buscoupled to the power factor control circuitry, wherein the power factorcontrol circuitry is configured to determine a difference ininstantaneous power supplied to the AC output and to adjust a voltage ofthe DC bus based, at least partly, on the difference.
 15. The UPS ofclaim 14, further comprising a single phase AC input.
 16. The UPS ofclaim 14, wherein the power factor control circuitry is configured todetermine a cumulative difference in instantaneous power supplied to theAC output.
 17. The UPS of claim 16, wherein the cumulative difference isdetermined based on a comparison of instantaneous power determined at aplurality of points in a first cycle of an AC waveform and instantaneouspower determined at a plurality of points in a second cycle of the ACwaveform.
 18. The UPS of claim 16, wherein the power factor controlcircuitry is configured to compare the cumulative difference to apredetermined threshold.
 19. The UPS of claim 18, wherein the powerfactor control circuitry is configured to adjust the operation of theUPS when the cumulative difference exceeds the predetermined threshold.20. The UPS of claim 16, wherein the power factor control circuitry isconfigured to generate a reference current signal using the cumulativedifference.
 21. The UPS of claim 20, wherein the power factor controlcircuitry includes voltage loop control circuitry, and wherein the powerfactor control circuitry is configured to generate the reference currentsignal using a signal generated by the voltage loop control circuitry.22. The UPS of claim 14, further comprising charging circuitryconfigured to charge an energy storage device, wherein the chargingcircuitry includes a DC output, and wherein the power factor controlcircuitry is configured to determine a difference in a totalinstantaneous power supplied to the AC output and the DC output and toadjust the operation of the UPS based, at least partly, on thedifference in the total instantaneous power.
 23. The UPS of claim 14,further comprising a polyphase AC input.
 24. The UPS of claim 14,further comprising an inverter having an input coupled to the DC bus andan output coupled to the AC output.
 25. A uninterruptible power supply(“UPS”) comprising: a DC bus; an AC output; means, coupled to the DCbus, for controlling a voltage of the DC bus based on a difference ininstantaneous power supplied to the AC output.
 26. The UPS of claim 25,further comprising an inverter having an input coupled to the DC bus andan output coupled to the AC output.
 27. The UPS of claim 25, furthercomprising a single phase AC input.
 28. The UPS of claim 25, wherein themeans for controlling include means for determining a cumulativedifference in instantaneous power supplied to the AC output.
 29. The UPSof claim 28, wherein the cumulative difference is determined based on acomparison of instantaneous power determined at a plurality of points ina first cycle of an AC waveform and instantaneous power determined at aplurality of points in a second cycle of the AC waveform.
 30. The UPS ofclaim 28, wherein the means for controlling includes means for comparingthe cumulative difference to a predetermined threshold.
 31. The UPS ofclaim 30, wherein the means for controlling includes means for adjustingthe operation of the UPS when the cumulative difference exceeds thepredetermined threshold.
 32. The UPS of claim 28, wherein the means forcontrolling includes means for generating a reference current signalusing the cumulative difference.
 33. The UPS of claim 32, wherein themeans for controlling includes voltage loop control circuitry, andwherein the means for controlling is configured to generate thereference current signal using signal generated by the voltage loopcontrol circuitry.
 34. The UPS of claim 25, further comprising chargingcircuitry configured to charge an energy storage device, wherein thecharging circuitry includes a DC output, and wherein the means forcontrolling is configured to determine a difference in a totalinstantaneous power supplied to the AC output and the DC output and toadjust the operation of the UPS based, at least partly, on thedifference in the total instantaneous power.
 35. The UPS of claim 25,further comprising a polyphase AC input.